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Establishing the importance of the topic
- One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is ….
- It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the ….
- X is the leading cause of death in western industrialised countries.
- X is a common disorder characterised by ….
- Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and ….
- Xs are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents known.
- X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y.
- In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for ….
- In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in ….
- The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.
- X is a major public health problem, and the cause of about 4% of the global burden of disease.
- X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics.
- Central to the entire discipline of X is the concept of ….
- X is at the heart of our understanding of ….
Establishing the importance of the topic (time frame given)
- Recent developments in X have heightened the need for ….
- In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ….
- In the arena of X , there has been a recent surge in interest and research.
- Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in ….
- Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ….
- Since 1949 the submarine area off X has undergone intensive investigation ….
- The past decade has seen the rapid development and diffusion of X in many ….
- The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of…..
- Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase in ….
- In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine …..
- X proved an important literary genre in the early Y community.
- One of the most important events of the 1970s was ….
- Traditionally, Xs have subscribed to the belief that ….
- X was widespread in the Middle East in the 1920s.
Synopsis of Literature
- Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.
- In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine ….
- Previous studies have reported ….
- A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ….
- Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with ….
- Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that ….
- The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ….
- Recent evidence suggests that ….
- Several attempts have been made to ….
- A number of researchers have reported ….
- Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith, & Patel, 1977).
- What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ….
- Studies of X show the importance of ….
Highlighting a problem in the field of study
- However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ….
- However, a major problem with this kind of application is ….
- Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.
- Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
- However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ….There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ….
- Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
- Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ….
Highlighting a controversy in the field of study
- To date there has been little agreement on what …
- More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about ….
- One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ….
- In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ….
- The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
- Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ….
- This concept has recently been challenged by …. studies demonstrating ….
Highlighting a knowledge gap in the field of study
- So far, however, there has been little discussion about ….
- Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors ….
- However, far too little attention has been paid to ….
- In addition, no research has been found that surveyed ….
- So far this method has only been applied to ….
- This indicates a need to understand the various perceptions of poverty that exist among …..
- However, the evidence for this relationship is inconclusive ….
- What is not yet clear is the impact of X on ….
- The neurobiological basis of this X is poorly understood.
- However, much uncertainty still exists about the relation between ….
- Until recently, there has been no reliable evidence that ….
- However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ….
- Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for ….
- No previous study has investigated X
- Although extensive research has been carried out on …, no single study exists which ….
Highlighting inadequacies of previous studies
- Most studies in the field of X have only focused on ….
- Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
- The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
- The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ….
- Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they ….
- However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of …..
- The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
- The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
- Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
- Previous studies of X have not dealt with ….
- Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ….
- However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature ….
- Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ….
- However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.
- X’s analysis does not take account of …. nor does he examine ….
Stating the purpose
- Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.
- The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of ….
- There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate …. 2. To ascertain ….
- The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what ….
- The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between …..
- The main aim of this investigation is to assess the doses and risks associated with ….
- This thesis intends to determine the extent to which …. and whether ….
- This thesis will examine the way in which the ….
- This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of ….
- This dissertation seeks to explain the development of ….
- This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of …..
- Drawing upon two stands of research into X, this study attempts to ….
- The aim of this study is to shine new light on these debates through an examination of ….
- The major objective of this study was to investigate …..
- One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were ….
- The objectives of this research are to determine ….
- This study therefore set out to assess the effect of management by …., and the effect of ….
- This study systematically reviews the data for…., aiming to provide clarity surrounding the role of …..
Research questions or hypotheses
- The central question in this dissertation asks how ….
- In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:
- The hypothesis that will be tested is that ….
- The key research question of this study was thus whether or not ….
- This study aimed to address the following research questions:
- Another question is whether ….
Synopsis of the method/sources of data
- This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of ….
- This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.
- The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qualitative, semi-structured interview methodology.
- By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the ….
- This work takes the form of a case-study of the ….
- Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.
- Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide both descriptive, interpretive and empirical data.
- A holistic approach is utilised, integrating literary, numanistic and archaeological material to establish ….
- The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: ….
- The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via ….
- Five works will be examined, all of which ….
Indicating limitations
- Due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of ….
- It is beyond the scope of this study to examine the ….
- The reader should bear in mind that the study is based on ….
- Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad.
- A full discussion of X lies beyond the scope of this study.
Giving reasons for personal Interest
- My main reason for choosing this topic is personal interest.
- I became interested in Xs after reading many of those articles in the national press which quoted evidence, often anecdotal, of ….
- This project was conceived during my time working for X. As a medical advisor I witnessed ….
- sometimes found in the humanities, and social science disciplines
Outlining the structure
- The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter.
- My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.
- Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ….
- The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.
- The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that have been identified in analysis.
- Chapter 6 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during the course of this research, ….
- The final chapter draws upon the entire thesis, tying up the various theoretical and empirical strands in order to ….
- Finally, the conclusion gives a brief summary and critique of the findings,
- …. and includes a discussion of the implication of the findings to future research into this area.
- …. Finally, areas for further research are identified.
Explaining key terms
- While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this dissertation will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as ….
- Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to ….
- In this dissertation the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.
- According to …. (2000) X can be defined as follows; ” X is one of …. “
- The term X is a relatively new name for ….., commonly referred to as ….
- This definition is close to that of Smith (2009) who defined X as ….
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