{"id":6073,"date":"2023-03-14T16:32:00","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T07:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.wordvice.com.tw\/?p=6073"},"modified":"2023-11-09T13:14:11","modified_gmt":"2023-11-09T04:14:11","slug":"where-does-the-research-question-go-in-a-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/where-does-the-research-question-go-in-a-paper\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c(Research Question)\u61c9\u653e\u5728\u5b78\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5730\u65b9\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Silke Haidekker\u64c1\u6709\u6f22\u8afe\u5a01\u5927\u5b78\uff08 University of Hannover \uff09\u85e5\u7406\u5b78\u535a\u58eb\u5b78\u4f4d\u3002\u5979\u662f\u5fb7\u570b\u548c\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u591a\u5bb6\u88fd\u85e5\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u81e8\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u52a9\u7406\uff08 Clinical Research Associate \uff09\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u55ac\u6cbb\u4e9e\u5dde\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u57ce\u64d4\u4efb\u5168\u8077\u91ab\u5b78\u7ffb\u8b6f\u548c\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_17 counter-hierarchy counter-decimal ez-toc-grey\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><i class=\"ez-toc-glyphicon ez-toc-icon-toggle\"><\/i><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class=\"ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1\"><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/where-does-the-research-question-go-in-a-paper\/#%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0%E8%88%87%E6%81%90%E6%85%8C%E7%97%87%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%8D%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E7%B6%93%E6%AD%B7\" title=\"\u8001\u9f20\u8207\u6050\u614c\u75c7\uff1a\u4e00\u4f4d\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\">\u8001\u9f20\u8207\u6050\u614c\u75c7\uff1a\u4e00\u4f4d\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u7684\u7d93\u6b77<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/where-does-the-research-question-go-in-a-paper\/#%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E7%9A%84%E7%B7%92%E8%AB%96%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C\" title=\"\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u7dd2\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\u9673\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\">\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u7dd2\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\u9673\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c<\/a><ul class=\"ez-toc-list-level-3\"><li class=\"ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/where-does-the-research-question-go-in-a-paper\/#1_%E5%B7%B2%E6%9C%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98\" title=\"1. \u5df2\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\">1. \u5df2\u6709\u77e5\u8b58<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/where-does-the-research-question-go-in-a-paper\/#2_%E6%9C%AA%E7%9F%A5%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9\" title=\"2. \u672a\u77e5\u5167\u5bb9\">2. \u672a\u77e5\u5167\u5bb9<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/where-does-the-research-question-go-in-a-paper\/#3_%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E6%88%96%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA\" title=\"3. \u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u6216\u5047\u8aaa\">3. \u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u6216\u5047\u8aaa<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/where-does-the-research-question-go-in-a-paper\/#%E5%BE%9E%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%96%8B%E5%A7%8B%E5%AF%AB%E8%B5%B7\" title=\"\u5f9e\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u958b\u59cb\u5beb\u8d77\">\u5f9e\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u958b\u59cb\u5beb\u8d77<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/where-does-the-research-question-go-in-a-paper\/#Wordvice%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90\" title=\"Wordvice\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u5beb\u4f5c\u8cc7\u6e90\">Wordvice\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u5beb\u4f5c\u8cc7\u6e90<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0%E8%88%87%E6%81%90%E6%85%8C%E7%97%87%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%8D%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E7%B6%93%E6%AD%B7\"><\/span><strong>\u8001\u9f20\u8207\u6050\u614c\u75c7\uff1a\u4e00\u4f4d\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u7684\u7d93\u6b77<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u9019\u9ebc\u8aaa\u4f60\u5927\u6982\u6703\u540c\u610f\u2014\u2014\u82b1\u5728\u64b0\u5beb\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u4e0a\u7684\u6642\u5149\u4e0d\u50c5\u5305\u62ec\u4f60\u70ba\u6240\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u8c6a\u751a\u81f3\u5feb\u6a02\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u5145\u65a5\u8457\u5404\u7a2e\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u6050\u614c\u75c7\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5728\u5fb7\u570b\u64b0\u5beb\u85e5\u7406\u5b78\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6050\u614c\u75c7\u767c\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u90a3\u6642\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u63a5\u89f8\u5230\u4e26\u5b78\u6703\u77ad\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u5e38\u919c\u964b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff08\u65b7\u982d\u81fa\uff09\u70ba\u6211\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u6bba\u6b7b\u8001\u9f20\uff01\u5728\u5207\u6389\u8001\u9f20\u7684\u982d\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u53d6\u51fa\u8001\u9f20\u7684\u809d\u81df\u4e26\u6417\u788e\uff0c\u518d\u523a\u7a7f\u809d\u81df\uff0c\u65bd\u52a0\u74b0\u5b62\u7d20A \uff08\u4e00\u7a2e\u514d\u75ab\u6291\u5236\u5291\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u4f7f\u7528\u9ad8\u58d3\u6db2\u76f8\u8272\u8b5c\u5100\u5206\u6790\u4ee3\u8b1d\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9019\u6a23\u63a5\u89f8\u904e\u5f88\u591a\u96bb\u8001\u9f20\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u53c8\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u6050\u614c\u75c7\u3002\u7576\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u5c0e\u5e2b\u8b93\u6211\u64b0\u5beb\u4e00\u7bc7\u95dc\u65bc\u74b0\u5b62\u7d20A\u4ee3\u8b1d\u7269\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u3002\u9019\u662f\u6211\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u8ab2\u984c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u3002\u6211\u5f9e\u6578\u767e\u584a\u9ecf\u9ecf\u7cca\u7cca\u7684\u8001\u9f20\u809d\u81df\u4e2d\u6aa2\u6e2c\u5230\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u4ee3\u8b1d\u7269\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u53ef\u60b2\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u6050\u614c\u9084\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u6050\u614c\u3002\u9019\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u6050\u614c\u5247\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u6211\u7576\u6642\u9084\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u7db2\u8def\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u6642\u7372\u53d6\u5982\u4f55\u64b0\u5beb\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u50cf\u73fe\u5728\u9019\u9ebc\u5bb9\u6613\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u81f3\u65bc\u6211\u7576\u6642\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u71ac\u904e\u6211\u90a3\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u6bb5\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u5e7e\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u4f86\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\u751f\u6d3b\u4e26\u6700\u7d42\u65e5\u591c\u6c89\u6d78\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u3002\u9019\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u767c\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0d\u64b0\u5beb\u201c\u826f\u597d\u7684\u201d\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u85dd\u8853\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u6fc3\u539a\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u800c\u6211\u7684\u9019\u4e00\u8208\u8da3\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u91ab\u5b78\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5354\u6703\uff08 American Medical Writers Association \uff09\u8209\u8fa6\u7684\u6703\u8b70\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u9f13\u52f5\u548c\u6fc0\u767c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u901a\u904e\u53c3\u8207\u5f88\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\u5c08\u6848\u548c\u53c3\u52a0\u5f88\u591a\u5b78\u8853\u5beb\u4f5c\u81ea\u5b78\u8ab2\u7a0b\u6975\u5927\u5730\u4fc3\u9032\u4e86\u6211\u9019\u4e00\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E7%9A%84%E7%B7%92%E8%AB%96%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C\"><\/span><strong>\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u7dd2\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\u9673\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u597d\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\u9996\u5148\u5448\u73fe\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/how-to-draft-a-compelling-introduction-for-your-journal-article\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u7dd2\u8ad6<\/a>\u90e8\u5206\u80fd\u5920\u6e05\u695a\u9673\u8ff0<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis-or-research-question\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c<\/a>\uff08\u6216<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis-tips-examples\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u7814\u7a76\u5047\u8a2d<\/a>\uff09\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u662f\u6574\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u69cb\u5efa\u7684\u7126\u9ede\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u7126\u9ede\u5728\u96a8\u5f8c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u90e8\u5206\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\u4e88\u4ee5\u5c55\u958b\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u6216\u5047\u8a2d\u9700\u8981\u5728\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u7dd2\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u51fa\u73fe\u3002\u5b83\u89e3\u91cb\u81f3\u5c11\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u5167\u5bb9\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>1. \u95dc\u65bc\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u984c\u7684<strong>\u5df2\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\uff08 known \uff09<\/strong>\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u6216\u4eba\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b78\u767c\u73fe\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. \u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f<strong>\u672a\u77e5\u7684\uff08 unknown \uff09<\/strong>\u5167\u5bb9\u6216\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. \u4f60\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis-or-research-question\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\uff08 Research Question \uff09<\/strong><\/a>\u6216<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis-tips-examples\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>\u5047\u8aaa\uff08 hypothesis \uff09<\/strong><\/a>\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u67d0\u4e9b\u91ab\u5b78\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5c07\u7dd2\u8ad6\u9700\u8981\u5177\u5099\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u7d44\u7e54\u7d50\u69cb\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u6f0f\u6597\u5f62\u201d\u5beb\u6cd5\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u6b65\u9a5f\u63a8\u6f14\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u5f8c\u5728\u6f0f\u6597\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u5c07\u9673\u8ff0\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u805a\u7126\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u2014\u2014\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u6216\u5047\u8aaa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u4f86\u8a73\u7d30\u770b\u4e00\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\uff08Research Question\uff09\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4e26\u89c0\u5bdf\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u7528\u5bcc\u6709\u908f\u8f2f\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c07\u5176\u5d4c\u5165\u7dd2\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u5f15\u767c\u8b80\u8005\u5c0d\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_%E5%B7%B2%E6%9C%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98\"><\/span><strong>1. \u5df2\u6709\u77e5\u8b58<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f60\u61c9\u7576\u5411\u8b80\u8005\u7c21\u8981\u6982\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5df2\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u524d\u4eba\u66fe\u7d93\u958b\u5c55\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u662f\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d42\u672b\u671f\u814e\u75c5\uff08 end-stage renal disease \uff0c\u7c21\u7a31ESRD \uff09\u60a3\u8005\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u9810\u6e2c\u56e0\u6578\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u7dd2\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u9996\u5148\u4ecb\u7d39\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u662f\u7d42\u672b\u671f\u814e\u75c5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u75c5\u56e0\u9019\u4e00\u57fa\u672c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u4f7f\u8b80\u8005\u80fd\u5920\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5c0d\u9019\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u4eba\u7fa4\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u4ecb\u7d39\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u8868\u660e\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u78ba\u5be6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7fa4\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u98a8\u96aa\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728ESRD\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d\u9032\u884c\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u7814\u7a76\u5247\u5f88\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u904e\u53bb\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u90fd\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\u800c\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><strong>\u7bc4\u4f8b\uff1a <\/strong>\u201cIt seems well established that there is a link between diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive nephropathy and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Western countries. In 2014, 73% of patients in US hospitals had comorbid ESRD and type 2 diabetes (1, 2, 3)\u2026 \u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e2d\u6587\u8b6f\u6587\uff1a<\/strong>\u300c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u814e\u75c5\u3001\u9ad8\u8840\u58d3\u814e\u75c5\u548c\u7d42\u672b\u671f\u814e\u75c5\uff08 ESRD \uff09\u4e4b\u9593\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u95dc\u806f\u3002 2014\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u91ab\u9662\u4e2d73%\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u60a3\u6709ESRD\u5408\u4f75\u75c7\u548c2\u578b\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\uff08 1 \uff0c 2 \uff0c 3 \uff09\u2026 \u300d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_%E6%9C%AA%E7%9F%A5%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9\"><\/span><strong>2. \u672a\u77e5\u5167\u5bb9<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u6211\u5011\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u722d\u8b70\u300d\u6a19\u8a8c\u8457\u300c\u672a\u77e5\u300d\u6216\u300c\u6709\u554f\u984c\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u70ba\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u958b\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u8981\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u672a\u77e5\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u61c9\u7576\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\uff08 were controversial \uff09\u300d\u8a5e\u8a9e\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4e0a\u4f8b\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u5c1a\u672a\u78ba\u5b9a\uff08 has not been determined \uff09\u300d\u6216\u300c\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\uff08 is unclear \uff09\u300d\u9019\u985e\u8a5e\u8a9e\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u9673\u8ff0\u6216\u6697\u793a\u3002\u901a\u904e\u6e05\u6670\u8aaa\u660e\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u80fd\u5920\u8868\u660e\u4f60\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u65b0\u7a4e\u7684\u3001\u5177\u6709\u539f\u5275\u6027\u7684\u3002\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u80fd\u5920\u9806\u5229\u904e\u6e21\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><strong>\u7bc4\u4f8b\uff1a <\/strong>\u201cHowever, previous studies have failed to isolate diabetes as an independent factor, and thus much remains unknown about specific risk factors associated with both diabetes and ESRD.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e2d\u6587\u8b6f\u6587\uff1a<\/strong>\u300c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u672a\u80fd\u5c07\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u7368\u7acb\u56e0\u7d20\u5206\u96e2\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8207\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u548cESRD\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u5371\u96aa\u56e0\u7d20\u4ecd\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u672a\u77e5\u4e4b\u8655\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E6%88%96%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA\"><\/span><strong>3. \u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u6216\u5047\u8aaa<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u9700\u8981\u5f9e\u672a\u77e5\u5167\u5bb9\u4e2d\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u6216\u554f\u984c\u6f14\u8b8a\u800c\u4f86\u3002\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u6e05\u695a\u95e1\u660e\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u6a19\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u5169\u500b\u77ed\u53e5\u5b50\u63cf\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u9700\u5c07\u610f\u601d\u8868\u9054\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u7cbe\u78ba\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8b8a\u6578\u3002\u61c9\u7576\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u904e\u6e21\u8a5e\u4f5c\u70ba\u5f9e\u672a\u77e5\u5167\u5bb9\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u7684\u904e\u6e21\u6027\u6a19\u8a8c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u300c\u56e0\u6b64\uff08 therefore \uff09\u300d\u6216\u300c\u76f8\u61c9\u5730\uff08 accordingly \uff09\u300d\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u904e\u6e21\u6027\u77ed\u8a9e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u300c\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u539f\u56e0\uff08 for this reason \uff09\u300d\u6216\u300c\u8003\u616e\u5230\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u7f3a\u4e4f\u95dc\u9375\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff08 considering this lack of crucial information \uff09\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9019\u6a23\u9673\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><strong>\u7bc4\u4f8b\uff1a <\/strong>\u201cTherefore, the primary goal of our study was to perform a Kaplan-Meier survival study and to investigate, by means of the Cox proportional hazard model, the value of diabetes as an independent predictor of death in diabetic patients with ESRD.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e2d\u6587\u8b6f\u6587\uff1a<\/strong>\u300c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u9032\u884cKaplan-Meier\u751f\u5b58\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e26\u901a\u904e\u4f7f\u7528Cox\u6bd4\u4f8b\u98a8\u96aa\u6a21\u578b\u63a2\u8a0e\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u4f5c\u70ba\u4f34\u6709ESRD\u7684\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u9810\u6e2c\u56e0\u6578\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u9673\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u6642\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u62ec\u7528\u65bc\u56de\u7b54\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u6240\u63a1\u7528\u7684<strong>\u5be6\u9a57\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong>\uff08 <strong>experimental approach <\/strong>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u4ecb\u7d39\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f<strong>\u5c07\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u9673\u8ff0\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5047\u8aaa<\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8b80\u8005\u80fd\u5920\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u9810\u6e2c\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u6a23\u4ee5\u5047\u8aaa\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u7bc4\u4f8b\uff1a <\/strong>\u201cTo test the hypothesis that diabetes is an independent predictor of death in people with ESRD, we performed a Kaplan-Survival study and investigated the value of diabetes by means of the Cox proportional hazard model.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e2d\u6587\u8b6f\u6587\uff1a\u300c\u70ba\u4e86\u9a57\u8b49\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u662fESRD\u60a3\u8005\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u9810\u6e2c\u56e0\u6578\u9019\u4e00\u5047\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9032\u884c\u4e86Kaplan-Survival\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e26\u901a\u904e\u4f7f\u7528Cox\u6bd4\u4f8b\u98a8\u96aa\u6a21\u578b\u8abf\u67e5\u4e86\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5beb\u6cd5\u662f\u4ee5\u4e00\u500b\u63cf\u8ff0\u5047\u8aaa\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\u6027\u5f9e\u53e5\u958b\u982d\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5728\u5f8c\u534a\u53e5\u81ea\u7136\u904e\u6e21\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7c21\u4ecb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7dd2\u8ad6\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u62ec\u5169\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u4e26\u975e\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u5747\u5fc5\u9808\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5f9e\u524d\u9762\u7684\u9673\u8ff0\u5167\u5bb9\u4e2d\u5f15\u51fa\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u95dc\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u8cc7\u8a0a\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7701\u7565\u7684\u3002\u5426\u5247\uff0c\u7dd2\u8ad6\u6703\u8b93\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8b80\u8005\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u5f9e\u4f55\u800c\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E5%BE%9E%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%96%8B%E5%A7%8B%E5%AF%AB%E8%B5%B7\"><\/span><strong>\u5f9e\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u958b\u59cb\u5beb\u8d77<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u662f\u521d\u6b21\u64b0\u5beb\u5b78\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\uff08\u6216\u521d\u6b21\u64b0\u5beb\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u7dd2\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u689d\u6700\u7c21\u55ae\u800c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u843d\u7b46\u5beb\u4e0b\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5148\u6e96\u78ba\u5730\u60f3\u6e05\u695a\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f60\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8981\u505a\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f60\u5230\u5e95\u60f3\u767c\u73fe\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u7528\u54ea\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u5beb\u8ad6\u6587\u4e4b\u524d\u8166\u6d77\u4e2d\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff08\u6216\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u5df2\u7d93<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/a-guide-to-research-paper-outlines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5927\u7db1<\/a>\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u66f4\u597d\u4e86\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\u904e\u7a0b\u5c31\u6703\u662f\u5c0f\u83dc\u4e00\u789f\u3002\u4f60\u5c07\u80fd\u5920\u50cf\u201c\u5c0f\u9f20\u722c\u6392\u6c34\u7ba1\u201d\u4e00\u6a23\u8f15\u9b06\u5afa\u719f\u5730\u5b8c\u6210\u4f60\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u5beb\u4f5c\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4f60\u5728\u5beb\u4f5c\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u6703\u9047\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u6050\u614c\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Wordvice%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90\"><\/span><strong>Wordvice\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u5beb\u4f5c\u8cc7\u6e90<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u4f60\u5c07<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/services\/academic-editing\/paper-thesis-dissertation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u6216\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587<\/a>\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u63d0\u4ea4\u5230\u5b78\u8853\u671f\u520a\u767c\u8868\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8acb\u52d9\u5fc5\u4f7f\u7528<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/services\/academic-editing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u5b78\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u6587\u7de8\u4fee\u670d\u52d9<\/a>\uff08 proofreading services \uff0c\u5305\u62ec<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/services\/academic-editing\/journal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u671f\u520a\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u6587\u7de8\u4fee<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/services\/academic-editing\/paper-thesis-dissertation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u5b78\u4f4d\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u6587\u7de8\u4fee<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u5beb\u4f5c\u7121\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u7528\u9ad8\u54c1\u8cea\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u6253\u52d5\u671f\u520a\u7de8\u8f2f\uff0c\u8b93\u4f60\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u80fd\u5920\u9806\u5229\u767c\u8868\u5728\u5fc3\u5100\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u671f\u520a\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u9700\u8981<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u82f1\u6587\u7de8\u4fee<\/a>\uff0c\u5c31\u627eWordvice\u3002<br>|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/academy-academic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u5beb\u4f5c\u8cc7\u6e90<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/services\/academic-editing\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u6587\u7de8\u4fee<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/services\/translation\/academic-paper\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u5b78\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/services\/academic-editing\/assignment\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8ab2\u5802\u4f5c\u696d\u82f1\u4fee<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/pricing\/proofreading-prices\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u670d\u52d9\u50f9\u683c<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/faq\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u5e38\u898b\u554f\u984c<\/a>\u00a0|<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Silke Haidekker\u64c1\u6709\u6f22\u8afe\u5a01\u5927\u5b78\uff08 University of Hannover \uff09\u85e5\u7406\u5b78\u535a\u58eb\u5b78\u4f4d\u3002\u5979\u662f\u5fb7\u570b\u548c\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u591a\u5bb6\u88fd\u85e5\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u81e8\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u52a9\u7406\uff08 Clinical Research Associate \uff09\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u55ac\u6cbb\u4e9e\u5dde\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u57ce\u64d4\u4efb\u5168\u8077\u91ab\u5b78\u7ffb\u8b6f\u548c\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3002 Table of Contents \u8001\u9f20\u8207\u6050\u614c\u75c7\uff1a\u4e00\u4f4d\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u7dd2\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\u9673\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c1. \u5df2\u6709\u77e5\u8b582. \u672a\u77e5\u5167\u5bb93. \u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u6216\u5047\u8aaa\u5f9e\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u958b\u59cb\u5beb\u8d77Wordvice\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u5beb\u4f5c\u8cc7\u6e90 \u8001\u9f20\u8207\u6050\u614c\u75c7\uff1a\u4e00\u4f4d\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u7684\u7d93\u6b77 \u6211\u9019\u9ebc\u8aaa\u4f60\u5927\u6982\u6703\u540c\u610f\u2014\u2014\u82b1\u5728\u64b0\u5beb\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u4e0a\u7684\u6642\u5149\u4e0d\u50c5\u5305\u62ec\u4f60\u70ba\u6240\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u8c6a\u751a\u81f3\u5feb\u6a02\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u5145\u65a5\u8457\u5404\u7a2e\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u6050\u614c\u75c7\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5728\u5fb7\u570b\u64b0\u5beb\u85e5\u7406\u5b78\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6050\u614c\u75c7\u767c\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u90a3\u6642\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u63a5\u89f8\u5230\u4e26\u5b78\u6703\u77ad\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u5e38\u919c\u964b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff08\u65b7\u982d\u81fa\uff09\u70ba\u6211\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u6bba\u6b7b\u8001\u9f20\uff01\u5728\u5207\u6389\u8001\u9f20\u7684\u982d\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u53d6\u51fa\u8001\u9f20\u7684\u809d\u81df\u4e26\u6417\u788e\uff0c\u518d\u523a\u7a7f\u809d\u81df\uff0c\u65bd\u52a0\u74b0\u5b62\u7d20A \uff08\u4e00\u7a2e\u514d\u75ab\u6291\u5236\u5291\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u4f7f\u7528\u9ad8\u58d3\u6db2\u76f8\u8272\u8b5c\u5100\u5206\u6790\u4ee3\u8b1d\u7269\u3002 \u9019\u6a23\u63a5\u89f8\u904e\u5f88\u591a\u96bb\u8001\u9f20\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u53c8\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u6050\u614c\u75c7\u3002\u7576\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u5c0e\u5e2b\u8b93\u6211\u64b0\u5beb\u4e00\u7bc7\u95dc\u65bc\u74b0\u5b62\u7d20A\u4ee3\u8b1d\u7269\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u3002\u9019\u662f\u6211\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u8ab2\u984c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u3002\u6211\u5f9e\u6578\u767e\u584a\u9ecf\u9ecf\u7cca\u7cca\u7684\u8001\u9f20\u809d\u81df\u4e2d\u6aa2\u6e2c\u5230\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u4ee3\u8b1d\u7269\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u53ef\u60b2\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u6050\u614c\u9084\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u6050\u614c\u3002\u9019\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u6050\u614c\u5247\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u6211\u7576\u6642\u9084\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u7db2\u8def\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u6642\u7372\u53d6\u5982\u4f55\u64b0\u5beb\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u50cf\u73fe\u5728\u9019\u9ebc\u5bb9\u6613\u3002 \u81f3\u65bc\u6211\u7576\u6642\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u71ac\u904e\u6211\u90a3\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u6bb5\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u5e7e\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u4f86\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\u751f\u6d3b\u4e26\u6700\u7d42\u65e5\u591c\u6c89\u6d78\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u3002\u9019\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u767c\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0d\u64b0\u5beb\u201c\u826f\u597d\u7684\u201d\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u85dd\u8853\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u6fc3\u539a\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u800c\u6211\u7684\u9019\u4e00\u8208\u8da3\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u91ab\u5b78\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5354\u6703\uff08 American Medical Writers Association \uff09\u8209\u8fa6\u7684\u6703\u8b70\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u9f13\u52f5\u548c\u6fc0\u767c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u901a\u904e\u53c3\u8207\u5f88\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\u5c08\u6848\u548c\u53c3\u52a0\u5f88\u591a\u5b78\u8853\u5beb\u4f5c\u81ea\u5b78\u8ab2\u7a0b\u6975\u5927\u5730\u4fc3\u9032\u4e86\u6211\u9019\u4e00\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002 \u5982\u4f55\u5728\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u7dd2\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\u9673\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c \u597d\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\u9996\u5148\u5448\u73fe\u5728\u7dd2\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\u80fd\u5920\u6e05\u695a\u9673\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\uff08\u6216\u7814\u7a76\u5047\u8a2d\uff09\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u662f\u6574\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u69cb\u5efa\u7684\u7126\u9ede\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u7126\u9ede\u5728\u96a8\u5f8c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u90e8\u5206\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\u4e88\u4ee5\u5c55\u958b\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u6216\u5047\u8a2d\u9700\u8981\u5728\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u7dd2\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u51fa\u73fe\u3002\u5b83\u89e3\u91cb\u81f3\u5c11\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u5167\u5bb9\uff1a 1. \u95dc\u65bc\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u5df2\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\uff08 known \uff09\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u6216\u4eba\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b78\u767c\u73fe\uff1f 2. \u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u672a\u77e5\u7684\uff08 unknown \uff09\u5167\u5bb9\u6216\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff1f 3. \u4f60\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\uff08 Research Question \uff09\u6216\u5047\u8aaa\uff08 hypothesis \uff09\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f \u67d0\u4e9b\u91ab\u5b78\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5c07\u7dd2\u8ad6\u9700\u8981\u5177\u5099\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u7d44\u7e54\u7d50\u69cb\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u6f0f\u6597\u5f62\u201d\u5beb\u6cd5\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u6b65\u9a5f\u63a8\u6f14\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u5f8c\u5728\u6f0f\u6597\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u5c07\u9673\u8ff0\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u805a\u7126\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u2014\u2014\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u6216\u5047\u8aaa\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u4f86\u8a73\u7d30\u770b\u4e00\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\uff08Research Question\uff09\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4e26\u89c0\u5bdf\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u7528\u5bcc\u6709\u908f\u8f2f\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c07\u5176\u5d4c\u5165\u7dd2\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u5f15\u767c\u8b80\u8005\u5c0d\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u3002 1. \u5df2\u6709\u77e5\u8b58 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f60\u61c9\u7576\u5411\u8b80\u8005\u7c21\u8981\u6982\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5df2\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u524d\u4eba\u66fe\u7d93\u958b\u5c55\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002 \u6211\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u662f\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d42\u672b\u671f\u814e\u75c5\uff08 end-stage renal disease \uff0c\u7c21\u7a31ESRD 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