{"id":1393,"date":"2017-09-15T16:56:00","date_gmt":"2017-09-15T07:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.wordvice.com.tw\/?p=1393"},"modified":"2025-04-04T16:59:39","modified_gmt":"2025-04-04T07:59:39","slug":"introductory-phrases-for-evidence-examples-research-writing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/introductory-phrases-for-evidence-examples-research-writing\/","title":{"rendered":"\u82f1\u6587\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u8b49\u64da\u548c\u5be6\u4f8b\u6642\u597d\u7528\u768441\u7a2e\u53e5\u578b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u7814\u7a76\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u8981\u653e\u5927\u6aa2\u8996\u8cc7\u8a0a\u548c\u8a55\u4f30\u8a72\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u8003\u616e\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6aa2\u67e5\u5be6\u8b49\u6578\u64da\u4e26\u5beb\u4e0b\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u69cb\u5efa\u6211\u5011\u7814\u7a76\u6558\u8ff0\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8b49\u64da\u548c\u5be6\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u80fd\u5f37\u5316\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u8b80\u8005\u5fc3\u751f\u61f7\u7591\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f7f\u7528\u9069\u7576\u4e14\u7b26\u5408\u908f\u8f2f\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u5f15\u5c0e\u8b80\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u5167\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_17 counter-hierarchy counter-decimal ez-toc-grey\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><i class=\"ez-toc-glyphicon ez-toc-icon-toggle\"><\/i><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class=\"ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1\"><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/introductory-phrases-for-evidence-examples-research-writing\/#%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A%E5%92%8C%E5%AF%A6%E4%BE%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\" title=\"\u4ecb\u7d39\u8b49\u64da\u548c\u5be6\u4f8b\u7684\u6642\u6a5f\">\u4ecb\u7d39\u8b49\u64da\u548c\u5be6\u4f8b\u7684\u6642\u6a5f<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/introductory-phrases-for-evidence-examples-research-writing\/#%E5%BB%BA%E8%AD%B0%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%A5%E5%9E%8B%E8%88%87%E5%85%B6%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%8B%E6%96%87\" title=\"\u5efa\u8b70\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\u6027\u53e5\u578b\u8207\u5176\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\">\u5efa\u8b70\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\u6027\u53e5\u578b\u8207\u5176\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/introductory-phrases-for-evidence-examples-research-writing\/#%E5%BB%B6%E4%BC%B8%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80\" title=\"\u5ef6\u4f38\u95b1\u8b80\">\u5ef6\u4f38\u95b1\u8b80<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A%E5%92%8C%E5%AF%A6%E4%BE%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\"><\/span>\u4ecb\u7d39\u8b49\u64da\u548c\u5be6\u4f8b\u7684\u6642\u6a5f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8b49\u64da\u548c\u5be6\u4f8b\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u6253\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u6c92\u6709\u5be6\u4f8b\u8f14\u52a9\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6d41\u6c34\u5e33\u822c\u7684\u5be6\u4f8b\u9a57\u8b49\u7684\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u4e9e\u65bc\u7121\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u6750\u6599\u6216\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4f86\u4f50\u8b49\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7576\u4f60\u4ecb\u7d39\u5be6\u4f8b\u6642\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u9069\u6642\u8070\u660e\u7684\u6311\u9078\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u9069\u7576\u548c\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u500b\u5be6\u4f8b\u5982\u4f55\u8ad6\u8b49\u4f60\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u63d0\u793a\uff1a\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u4f5c\u70ba\u4f50\u8b49\u6642\uff0c\u52d9\u5fc5\u6e96\u78ba\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5167\u5bb9\uff08\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u81ea\u884c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6216\u4f7f\u7528<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.ai\/tw\/tools\/translate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7db2\u7ad9<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u8ad6\u9ede\u6e05\u695a\u4e14\u5177\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f60\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e26\u9023\u7d50\u4f60\u7684\u5be6\u4f8b\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u7576\u4f60<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u8aaa\u660e\u975e\u300c\u666e\u904d\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6839\u64da\u67d0\u500b\u6578\u64da\u4f86\u5f15\u5c0e\u7d50\u8ad6\u3001\u63a8\u8ad6\u6216\u8aaa\u660e\u7fa9\u6db5;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9700\u8981\u6f84\u6e05\u4e00\u500b\u5148\u524d\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7bc4\u4f8b\u8aaa\u660e\u80fd\u5920\u66f4\u52a0\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u6642\u5019;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9700\u8981\u627e\u51fa\u67d0\u500b\u985e\u5225\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7bc4\u4f8b;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u60f3\u8981\u5340\u5206\u6982\u5ff5\u6642;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u60f3\u8981\u5229\u7528\u67d0\u500b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4f86\u5f37\u8abf\u67d0\u500b\u7279\u9ede<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E5%BB%BA%E8%AD%B0%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%A5%E5%9E%8B%E8%88%87%E5%85%B6%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%8B%E6%96%87\"><\/span>\u5efa\u8b70\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\u6027\u53e5\u578b\u8207\u5176\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6839\u64da\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u53e5\u578b\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u500b\u5217\u8868\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a73\u76e1\uff0c\u4f46\u81f3\u5c11\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e7e\u500b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u77ed\u8a9e\u985e\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"20%\"><strong>\u76ee\u7684<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"30%\"><strong>\u4ecb\u7d39\u6027\u53e5\u578b<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"50%\"><strong>\u7bc4\u4f8b<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"20%\">stating information that is not \u201ccommon knowledge\u201d<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"30%\">\n<ul>\n<li>[use relevant style guide\u2019s in-text citation format]<\/li>\n<li>As [Author] indicated\/ stated\/ discovered<\/li>\n<li>According to [Author],<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"50%\">\n<ul>\n<li>As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . .<\/li>\n<li>According to Marks and Peters . . .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"20%\">drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting implications based on specific data<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"30%\">\n<ul>\n<li>suggests<\/li>\n<li>as evidenced\/ suggested\/ indicated by<\/li>\n<li>based on<\/li>\n<li>can be seen\/ observed when<\/li>\n<li>as seen in<\/li>\n<li>which is made apparent when<\/li>\n<li>is demonstrated by\/ through\/ when<\/li>\n<li>hinges on<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"50%\">\n<ul>\n<li>The strong negative correlation suggests that . . .<\/li>\n<li>As evidenced\/ suggested\/ indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands, patients with . . .<\/li>\n<li>Based on self-reported survey results . . .<\/li>\n<li>This phenomenon can be seen\/ observed when wind speeds exceed . . .<\/li>\n<li>As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . .<\/li>\n<li>The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers . . .<\/li>\n<li>The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by survey results highlighted in . . .<\/li>\n<li>This conclusion hinges on . . .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"20%\">clarifying a prior statement<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"30%\">\n<ul>\n<li>for example<\/li>\n<li>for instance<\/li>\n<li>by way of illustration<\/li>\n<li>as an example<\/li>\n<li>to clarify<\/li>\n<li>to explain further<\/li>\n<li>namely<\/li>\n<li>to be specific<\/li>\n<li>that is,<\/li>\n<li>in other words,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"50%\">\n<ul>\n<li>This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . .<\/li>\n<li>It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For instance, several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . .<\/li>\n<li>By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculants feel prepared for . . .<\/li>\n<li>As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate that over 80% of the population supports . . .<\/li>\n<li>To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . .<\/li>\n<li>To explain further, large doses of Agent O can trigger . . .<\/li>\n<li>Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work remotely.<\/li>\n<li>To be specific, bull markets can . . .<\/li>\n<li>That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . .<\/li>\n<li>In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"20%\">identifying representative examples of a category<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"30%\">\n<ul>\n<li>for example\/ instance<\/li>\n<li>such as*<\/li>\n<li>e.g.<\/li>\n<li>one\/ another example<\/li>\n<li>like*<\/li>\n<li>excluding<\/li>\n<li>including<\/li>\n<li>an example being<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>*NOTE: \u201csuch as\u201d and \u201clike\u201d have two different uses. \u201cSuch as\u201d introduces a specific example that is part of a category. \u201cLike\u201d suggests the listed items are similar to, but not included in, the topic discussed.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"50%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example\/ instance.<\/li>\n<li>The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus flytraps.<\/li>\n<li>The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish and lantern fish).<\/li>\n<li>One\/ another example of this exception is . . .<\/li>\n<li>I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to enjoy nature while exercising.<\/li>\n<li>All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age.<\/li>\n<li>All stars, including our sun, . . .<\/li>\n<li>Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"20%\">distinguishing concepts<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"30%\">\n<ul>\n<li>in a similar case<\/li>\n<li>unlike the case of<\/li>\n<li>in the same way<\/li>\n<li>as a case in point<\/li>\n<li>in a typical situation<\/li>\n<li>in a normal scenario<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"50%\">\n<ul>\n<li>In a similar case, a male patient with arthritis . . .<\/li>\n<li>Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of observer bias.<\/li>\n<li>Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful editing.<\/li>\n<li>As a case in point, let\u2019s look at the situation in which . . .<\/li>\n<li>In a typical situation, marsupials would . . .<\/li>\n<li>In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"20%\">emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situation<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"30%\">\n<ul>\n<li>for example<\/li>\n<li>indeed<\/li>\n<li>in fact<\/li>\n<li>notably<\/li>\n<li>markedly<\/li>\n<li>as a case in point<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;\" width=\"50%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . .<\/li>\n<li>Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . .<\/li>\n<li>Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . .<\/li>\n<li>High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . . .<\/li>\n<li>Markedly, the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . .<\/li>\n<li>As a case in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros . . .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<p>\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d3b\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5206\u4eab\u7684\u53e5\u578b\u4f86\u63d0\u5347\u5b78\u8853\u82f1\u6587\u5beb\u4f5c\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5c07\u8ad6\u6587\u63d0\u4ea4\u7d66\u671f\u520a\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5efa\u8b70\u9084\u662f\u8b93\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u7de8\u4fee\u670d\u52d9\u6aa2\u67e5\u4e00\u4e0b\u4ee5\u78ba\u4fdd\u6240\u6709\u8853\u8a9e\u548c\u53e5\u578b\u5728\u7d66\u5b9a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u3002 Wordvice \u63d0\u4f9b<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/services\/academic-editing\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u5b78\u8853\u8ad6\u6587<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/services\/academic-editing\/journal\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u671f\u520a\u8ad6\u6587<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/services\/academic-editing\/paper-thesis-dissertation\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u5b78\u4f4d\u8ad6\u6587(\u78a9\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587)\u82f1\u6587\u7de8\u4fee\u670d\u52d9<\/a>\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u63d0\u5347\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u8a9e\u8a00\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u8ad6\u6587\u88ab\u671f\u520a\u9304\u53d6\u6a5f\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E5%BB%B6%E4%BC%B8%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80\"><\/span>\u5ef6\u4f38\u95b1\u8b80<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/100-great-resume-cover-letter-words\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u5beb\u4f5c\u88e1\u5e38\u7528 \u201c\u5f37\u529b\u201d\u52d5\u8a5e100\u500b<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/common-transition-terms-used-in-academic-papers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u8f49\u6298\u9023\u63a5\u8a5e\u8ddf\u7247\u8a9e<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/commonly-confused-words-phrases\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u82f1\u6587\u5beb\u4f5c\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u6613\u6df7\u6dc6\u55ae\u5b57\u548c\u8aa4\u7528\u7684\u7247\u8a9e<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u9700\u8981<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com.tw\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u82f1\u6587\u7de8\u4fee<\/a>\uff0c\u5c31\u627eWordvice\u3002<br>|&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/tw\/blog\/academy-academic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u5beb\u4f5c\u8cc7\u6e90<\/a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a 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\u6211\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u80fd\u5f37\u5316\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u8b80\u8005\u5fc3\u751f\u61f7\u7591\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f7f\u7528\u9069\u7576\u4e14\u7b26\u5408\u908f\u8f2f\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u5f15\u5c0e\u8b80\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u5167\u5bb9\u3002 Table of Contents \u4ecb\u7d39\u8b49\u64da\u548c\u5be6\u4f8b\u7684\u6642\u6a5f\u5efa\u8b70\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\u6027\u53e5\u578b\u8207\u5176\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u5ef6\u4f38\u95b1\u8b80 \u4ecb\u7d39\u8b49\u64da\u548c\u5be6\u4f8b\u7684\u6642\u6a5f \u8b49\u64da\u548c\u5be6\u4f8b\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u6253\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u6c92\u6709\u5be6\u4f8b\u8f14\u52a9\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6d41\u6c34\u5e33\u822c\u7684\u5be6\u4f8b\u9a57\u8b49\u7684\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u4e9e\u65bc\u7121\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u6750\u6599\u6216\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4f86\u4f50\u8b49\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7576\u4f60\u4ecb\u7d39\u5be6\u4f8b\u6642\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u9069\u6642\u8070\u660e\u7684\u6311\u9078\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u9069\u7576\u548c\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u500b\u5be6\u4f8b\u5982\u4f55\u8ad6\u8b49\u4f60\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002 \u4f60\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e26\u9023\u7d50\u4f60\u7684\u5be6\u4f8b\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u7576\u4f60 \u5efa\u8b70\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\u6027\u53e5\u578b\u8207\u5176\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6839\u64da\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u53e5\u578b\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u500b\u5217\u8868\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a73\u76e1\uff0c\u4f46\u81f3\u5c11\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e7e\u500b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u77ed\u8a9e\u985e\u578b\u3002 \u76ee\u7684 \u4ecb\u7d39\u6027\u53e5\u578b \u7bc4\u4f8b stating information that is not \u201ccommon knowledge\u201d [use relevant style guide\u2019s in-text citation format] As [Author] indicated\/ stated\/ discovered According to [Author], As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . . According to Marks and Peters . . 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