{"id":2957,"date":"2024-05-17T21:23:00","date_gmt":"2024-05-17T21:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.wordvice.com\/?p=2957"},"modified":"2025-06-09T04:59:36","modified_gmt":"2025-06-09T04:59:36","slug":"how-to-write-a-hypothesis-tips-examples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis-tips-examples\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Write a Research Hypothesis: Good & Bad Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\"hypothesis
Your hypothesis is the “seed” from which your entire study grows and develops in detail. It is perhaps the most important sentence of your research paper.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

What is a research hypothesis?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A research hypothesis is an attempt at explaining a phenomenon or the relationships between phenomena\/variables in the real world. Hypotheses are sometimes called \u201ceducated guesses\u201d, but they are in fact (or let\u2019s say they should<\/em> be) based on previous observations, existing theories, scientific evidence, and logic. A research hypothesis is also not a prediction\u2014rather, predictions are (should<\/em> be) based on clearly formulated hypotheses. For example, \u201cWe tested the hypothesis that KLF2<\/em> knockout mice would show deficiencies in heart development\u201d is an assumption or prediction, not a hypothesis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The research hypothesis at the basis of this prediction is \u201cthe product of the KLF2<\/em> gene is involved in the development of the cardiovascular system in mice\u201d\u2014and this hypothesis is probably (hopefully) based on a clear observation, such as that mice with low levels of Kruppel-like factor 2 (which KLF2<\/em> codes for) <\/em>seem to have heart problems. From this hypothesis, you can derive the idea that a mouse in which this particular gene does not function cannot develop a normal cardiovascular system, and then make the prediction that we started with. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

You might think that these are very subtle differences, and you will certainly come across many publications that do not contain an actual hypothesis or do not make these distinctions correctly. But considering that the formulation and testing of hypotheses is an integral part of the scientific method, it is good to be aware of the concepts underlying this approach. The two hallmarks of a scientific hypothesis are falsifiability<\/em> (an evaluation standard that was introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper in 1934) and testability<\/em>\u2014if you cannot use experiments or data to decide whether an idea is true or false, then it is not a hypothesis (or at least a very bad one).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, in a nutshell, you (1) look at existing evidence\/theories, (2) come up with a hypothesis, (3) make a prediction that allows you to (4) design an experiment or data analysis to test it, and (5) come to a conclusion. Of course, not all studies have hypotheses (there is also exploratory<\/em> or hypothesis-generating<\/em> research), and you do not necessarily have to state your hypothesis as such in your paper. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But for the sake of understanding the principles of the scientific method, let\u2019s first take a closer look at the different types of hypotheses that research articles refer to and then give you a step-by-step guide for how to formulate a strong hypothesis for your own paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Types of Research Hypotheses<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Hypotheses can be simple<\/em>, which means they describe the relationship between one single independent variable (the one you observe variations in or plan to manipulate) and one single dependent variable (the one you expect to be affected by the variations\/manipulation). If there are more variables on either side, you are dealing with a complex<\/em> hypothesis. You can also distinguish hypotheses according to the kind of relationship between the variables you are interested in (e.g., causal<\/em> or associative<\/em>). But apart from these variations, we are usually interested in what is called the “alternative hypothesis” and, in contrast to that, the “null hypothesis”. If you think these two should be listed the other way round, then you are right, logically speaking\u2014the alternative<\/em> should surely come second. However, since this is the hypothesis we (as researchers) are usually interested in, let\u2019s start from there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alternative Hypothesis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

If you predict a relationship between two variables in your study, then the research hypothesis that you formulate to describe that relationship is your alternative hypothesis (usually H1<\/em> in statistical terms). The goal of your hypothesis testing is thus to demonstrate that there is sufficient evidence that supports the alternative hypothesis, rather than evidence for the possibility that there is no such relationship. The alternative hypothesis is usually the research hypothesis of a study and is based on the literature, previous observations, and widely known theories. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Null Hypothesis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The hypothesis that describes the other possible outcome, that is, that your variables are not related, is the null hypothesis (H0<\/em>). Based on your findings, you choose between the two hypotheses\u2014usually that means that if your prediction was correct, you reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative. Make sure, however, that you are not getting lost at this step of the thinking process: If your prediction is that there will be no<\/em> difference or change, then you are trying to find support for the null hypothesis and reject H1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Directional Hypothesis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

While the null hypothesis is obviously \u201cstatic\u201d, the alternative hypothesis can specify a direction for the observed relationship between variables\u2014for example, that mice with higher expression levels of a certain protein are more active than those with lower levels. This is then called a one-tailed<\/em> hypothesis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another example for a directional one-tailed alternative hypothesis would be that <\/p>\n\n\n\n

H1: Attending private classes before important exams has a positive effect on performance. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Your null hypothesis would then be that<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H0: Attending private classes before important exams has no\/a negative effect on performance.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nondirectional Hypothesis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A nondirectional hypothesis does not specify the direction of the potentially observed effect, only that there is a relationship between the studied variables\u2014this is called a two-tailed<\/em> hypothesis. For instance, if you are studying a new drug that has shown some effects on pathways involved in a certain condition (e.g., anxiety) in vitro in the lab, but you can\u2019t say for sure whether it will have the same effects in an animal model or maybe induce other\/side effects that you can\u2019t predict and potentially increase anxiety levels instead, you could state the two hypotheses like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H1: The only lab-tested drug (somehow) affects anxiety levels in an anxiety mouse model.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

You then test this nondirectional alternative hypothesis against the null hypothesis:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H0: The only lab-tested drug has no effect on anxiety levels in an anxiety mouse model.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"hypothesis
In most research papers, the hypothesis or statement of purpose is placed at the end of the Introduction section.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

How to Write a Hypothesis for a Research Paper<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Now that we understand the important distinctions between different kinds of research hypotheses, let\u2019s look at a simple process of how to write a hypothesis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Writing a Hypothesis Step:1<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ask a question, based on earlier research. <\/strong>Research always starts with a question, but one that takes into account what is already known about a topic or phenomenon. For example, if you are interested in whether people who have pets are happier than those who don\u2019t, do a literature search and find out what has already been demonstrated. You will probably realize that yes, there is quite a bit of research that shows a relationship between happiness and owning a pet\u2014and even studies that show that owning a dog is more beneficial than owning a cat<\/a>! Let\u2019s say you are so intrigued by this finding that you wonder: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is it that makes dog owners even happier than cat owners? <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let\u2019s move on to Step 2 and find an answer to that question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Writing a Hypothesis<\/strong> Step 2:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Formulate a strong hypothesis by answering your own question. <\/strong>Again, you don\u2019t want to make things up, take unicorns into account, or repeat\/ignore what has already been done. Looking at the dog-vs-cat papers your literature search returned, you see that most studies are based on self-report questionnaires on personality traits, mental health, and life satisfaction. What you don\u2019t find is any data on actual (mental or physical) health measures, and no experiments. You therefore decide to make a bold claim<\/s> come up with the carefully thought-through hypothesis that it\u2019s maybe the lifestyle of the dog owners, which includes walking their dog several times per day, engaging in fun and healthy activities such as agility competitions, and taking them on trips, that gives them that extra boost in happiness. You could therefore answer your question in the following way:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dog owners are happier than cat owners because of the dog-related activities they engage in.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now you have to verify that your hypothesis fulfills the two requirements we introduced at the beginning of this resource article: falsifiability<\/em> and testability<\/em>. If it can\u2019t be wrong and can\u2019t be tested, it\u2019s not a hypothesis. We are lucky, however, because yes, we can test whether owning a dog but not<\/em> engaging in any of those activities leads to lower levels of happiness or well-being than owning a dog and<\/em> playing and running around with them or taking them on trips.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Writing a Hypothesis<\/strong> Step 3:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Make your predictions and define your variables. <\/strong>We have verified that we can<\/em> test our hypothesis, but now we have to define all the relevant variables, design our experiment or data analysis, and make precise predictions. You could, for example, decide to study dog owners (not surprising at this point), let them fill in questionnaires about their lifestyle as well as their life satisfaction (as other studies did), and then compare two groups of active<\/em> and inactive<\/em> dog owners. Alternatively, if you want to go beyond the data that earlier studies produced and analyzed and directly manipulate the activity level of your dog owners to study the effect of that manipulation, you could invite them to your lab, select groups of participants with similar lifestyles, make them change their lifestyle (e.g., couch potato dog owners start agility classes, very active ones have to refrain from any fun activities for a certain period of time) and assess their happiness levels before and after the intervention. In both cases, your independent variable<\/strong> would be \u201clevel of engagement in fun activities with dog\u201d<\/em> and your dependent variable<\/strong> would be happiness<\/em> or well-being<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Examples of a Good and Bad Hypothesis<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Let\u2019s look at a few examples of good and bad hypotheses to get you started.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Good Hypothesis Examples<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Good hypothesis<\/strong><\/td>Prediction\/testable research question<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Working from home improves job satisfaction.<\/td>Employees who are allowed to work from home are less likely to quit within 2 years than those who need to come to the office.<\/td><\/tr>
Sleep deprivation affects cognition.<\/td>Students who sleep <5 hours\/night don\u2019t perform as well on exams as those who sleep >7 hours\/night. <\/td><\/tr>
Animals adapt to their environment.<\/td>Birds of the same species living on different islands have differently shaped beaks depending on the available food source.<\/td><\/tr>
Social media use causes anxiety.<\/td>Do teenagers who refrain from using social media for 4 weeks show improvements in anxiety symptoms?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bad Hypothesis Examples<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bad hypothesis<\/strong><\/td>Prediction\/research question<\/strong><\/td>Problem<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Garlic repels vampires.<\/td>Participants who eat garlic daily will not be harmed by vampires.<\/td>Nobody gets harmed by vampires\u2014not falsifiable<\/span><\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>
Chocolate is better than vanilla.<\/td>          ??<\/em> <\/span><\/td>No clearly defined variables\u2014not testable<\/span><\/em>.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tips for Writing a Research Hypothesis<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

If you understood the distinction between a hypothesis and a prediction we made at the beginning of this article, then you will have no problem formulating your hypotheses and predictions correctly. To refresh your memory: We have to (1) look at existing evidence, (2) come up with a hypothesis, (3) make a prediction, and (4) design an experiment. For example, you could summarize your dog\/happiness study like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) While <\/em>research suggests<\/em> that dog owners are happier than cat owners, there are no reports on what factors drive this difference. (2) We <\/em>hypothesized<\/em> that it is the fun activities that many dog owners (but very few cat owners) engage in with their pets that increases their happiness levels. (3) We thus <\/em>predicted<\/em> that preventing very active dog owners from engaging in such activities for some time and making very inactive dog owners take up such activities would lead to an increase and decrease in their overall self-ratings of happiness, respectively. (4) To <\/em>test<\/em> this, we invited dog owners into our lab, assessed their mental and emotional well-being through questionnaires, and then assigned them to an \u201cactive\u201d and an \u201cinactive\u201d group, depending on\u2026 <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Note that you use \u201cwe hypothesize\u201d only for your hypothesis, not<\/em> for your experimental prediction, and \u201cwould\u201d or \u201cif – then\u201d only for your prediction, not<\/em> your hypothesis. A hypothesis that states that something \u201cwould\u201d affect something else sounds as if you don\u2019t have enough confidence to make a clear statement\u2014in which case you can\u2019t expect your readers to believe in your research either. Write in the present tense, don\u2019t use modal verbs that express varying degrees of certainty (such as may, might, <\/em>or could<\/em>), and remember that you are not drawing a conclusion while trying not to exaggerate but making a clear statement that you then, in a way, try to disprove<\/em>. And if that happens, that is not something to fear but an important part of the scientific process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similarly, don\u2019t use \u201cwe hypothesize\u201d when you explain the implications of your research<\/a> or make predictions in the conclusion section<\/a> of your manuscript, since these are clearly not hypotheses in the true sense of the word. As we said earlier, you will find that many authors of academic articles do not seem to care too much about these rather subtle distinctions, but thinking very clearly about your own research will not only help you write better but also ensure that even that infamous Reviewer 2 will find fewer reasons to nitpick about your manuscript. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perfect Your Manuscript With Professional Editing<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Now that you know how to write a strong research hypothesis for your research paper, <\/strong>you might be interested in our free AI Proofreader<\/a>, Wordvice AI, which finds and fixes errors in grammar, punctuation, and word choice in academic texts. Or if you are interested in human proofreading<\/a>, check out our English editing services<\/a>, including research paper editing<\/a> and manuscript editing<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the Wordvice academic resources website<\/a>, you can also find many more articles and other resources that can help you with writing the other parts of your research paper<\/a>, with making a research paper outline<\/a> before you put everything together, or with writing an effective cover letter<\/a> once you are ready to submit.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What is a research hypothesis? A research hypothesis is an attempt at explaining a phenomenon or the relationships between phenomena\/variables in the real world. Hypotheses are sometimes called \u201ceducated guesses\u201d, but they are in fact (or let\u2019s say they should be) based on previous observations, existing theories, scientific evidence, and logic. A research hypothesis is […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2959,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,19],"tags":[17,126,52,39,6],"class_list":["post-2957","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academic","category-research-writing","tag-academic-writing-tips","tag-hypothesis","tag-research-paper","tag-research-writing","tag-writing-tips"],"yoast_head":"\nHow to Write a Research Hypothesis: Good & Bad Examples - Wordvice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A research hypothesis explains a phenomenon or the relationships between variables in the real world. 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