{"id":1172,"date":"2022-11-25T14:25:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-25T14:25:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.wordvice.com\/?p=1172"},"modified":"2025-04-02T08:23:11","modified_gmt":"2025-04-02T08:23:11","slug":"seminar-how-to-write-an-effective-research-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/seminar-how-to-write-an-effective-research-paper\/","title":{"rendered":"Writing an Effective Research Paper: Structure &#038; Content"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How to Write an Effective Research Paper\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cMJWtNDqGzI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Essential Guidelines for Structuring a Research Paper<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lecturer: Kevin J. Heintz, M.A. English<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><em>This lecture was presented at ChungAng University in Seoul, South Korea in November 2018. Wordvice\/Essay Review Managing Editor Kevin J. Heintz explains how to organize and compose a research manuscript that will get your study published in top journals.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even researchers whose first language is English must learn some specific rules and follow some standard conventions when writing research papers. This takes a completely different skillset than essay writing or sending emails to your professors and friends, and therefore it is a good idea for every researcher to keep learning how to improve research writing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Research is about more than just the scientific principles and discoveries you are making\u2014it is about sharing these discoveries with fellow researchers and with the public. And to do this, researchers must publish their work in journals. Strong writing is key to making your research more accessible and powerful, and therefore this presentation is not about the rigors of research, but the demands of research writing. The methods and information in this lecture can be applied to almost any kind of research paper, although of course the exact structure and content will be somewhat determined by where you are submitting your research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Lecture Content<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#008800\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Overview of Research Paper Writing<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#008800\" class=\"has-inline-color\">The Structure of a Research Paper<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#008800\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Composing Your Paper Sections<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#008800\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Tips for Improving Quality of Writing<\/mark><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><em>*Quizzes are given throughout the lecture to test your comprehension and understanding.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Research Paper Structure Overview<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u201cWhat should a research paper do?\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Share the knowledge you have gained about a specific area of study with other researchers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Show how your study fits into current science.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inform the public about important scientific activity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Explain clearly and succinctly the context of your study, including relevant literature (Introduction), the methods used for research and analysis (Methods), the findings of your study (Results), and the implications for these results and further research that might be needed (Discussion and Conclusion).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u201cWhat are the most important factors to consider when writing a research paper?\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The research you conduct should of course be novel, timely, rigorous, and hopefully interesting.&nbsp;But you must also transmit your scientific research into&nbsp;<em>writing<\/em>\u2014a well-written paper will greatly improve your chances of getting accepted into journals. Here is an overview of the factors that help create&nbsp;quality writing in a research paper:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Coherence<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>All of the parts of your paper should fit together in an order that makes sense.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Include all necessary information in each section needed to understand the other sections.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not repeat information unless it is necessary.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure that your sentences are grammatically and logically coherent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Organization<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Most scientific papers follow the&nbsp;<strong>IMRD<\/strong>&nbsp;structure\u2014be sure to put the right parts in the right section (e.g., don\u2019t include the literature review in the Methods section).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Relevance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>As you do research you will notice that there are a great many pieces of information and data you COULD include in your paper. However, you need to conform to length guidelines and keep your paper focused. Therefore, you should be sure that you are choosing a proper number of items to focus on for each section.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For example, if your study has 10 results but your paper can only be 4,000 words, you might want to narrow down these results to only those that support your hypothesis, perhaps the 3-5 most important results.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The same applies to the Introduction, where you must choose what background, context, and relevant literature to include. Be sure to only include information that gives readers a focused and relevant understanding of your area of study.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Clarity<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Clarity is related to coherence, organization, and relevance. It means ensuring that each paragraph and sentence in your paper is natural and easy to read and understand: proper grammar, phrasing, and style are key to writing a paper that is readable and comprehensible to both experts and possibly non-experts, depending on your target audience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Perhaps the most important rule is to&nbsp;<strong>conform to the formatting guidelines and other style conventions of the journal to which you are submitting.<\/strong>&nbsp;Check the \u201cGUIDE FOR AUTHORS\u201d section of the journal or conference, or if the paper is for a class, ensure that you are using the proper formatting requirements. Here is one handy site:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">OWL\u2014Online Writing Lab at Purdue University<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Research Paper Structure<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"778\" src=\"https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/12061146\/Research-Paper-Structure-1024x778.png\" alt=\"research paper structure diagram\" class=\"wp-image-1176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/12061146\/Research-Paper-Structure-1024x778.png 1024w, https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/12061146\/Research-Paper-Structure-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/12061146\/Research-Paper-Structure-768x583.png 768w, https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/12061146\/Research-Paper-Structure.png 1443w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Most research papers move from broad to specific information and back to broad again. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The general structure of scientific research papers is IMR&amp;D (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion). The information moves from broad to specific to broad again as seen in this diagram, the Introduction and Discussion taking up the most room in your paper and the Methods and Results usually being the shortest ad most focused sections. However, the order in which you write your paper will not be the same as the final order of the information. Let\u2019s first look briefly at what each section does and then discuss how to organize and compose your work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Introduction Section<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>What&nbsp;does it do?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>*Discusses the problem to be solved (purpose statement)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>*Describes where your research fits into the current science (background and context)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>*Uses primary literature with citations and summarizes the current understanding of the problem (\u201cliterature review\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>When do you write it?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>*Write it last\u2014after the conclusion and before the title and abstract<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Methods Section<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>What&nbsp;does it do?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>*Tells how you did the study\u2014what materials and methods of research and analysis were used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>When do you write it?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>*First section you write\u2014after preparing your figures and tables<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Results Section<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>What does it do?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>*Explains the important findings of your study that help to answer your research question or hypothesis and address your purpose statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>When do you write it?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>*After the Methods and before the Discussion\/Conclusion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Discussion\/Conclusion Section<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>What does it do?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>*Explains what your findings mean and what the implications and importance are both to your specific area of research and in a broader context (i.e., to the wider field or to society ).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>*Includes limitations to your study and discusses possible future research that is needed to answer your research question more clearly and address closely related questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>When do you write it?<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>*After the Results Section and before the Introduction<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Composing Your Research Paper Sections<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"748\" height=\"511\" src=\"https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/12061314\/Research-Paper-Structure-21.png\" alt=\"research paper sections\" class=\"wp-image-1179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/12061314\/Research-Paper-Structure-21.png 748w, https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/12061314\/Research-Paper-Structure-21-300x205.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 748px) 100vw, 748px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> The Methods and Results comprise the core content of your paper. Write these sections first. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>This portion of the lecture focuses on developing techniques for composing your paper. You should always go back through your paper after one section is finished and correct or change another part, but by composing in this order you will be sure to include all of the important information.&nbsp;Not that the Methods and Results sections are written first. The reason for this is because you will not be changing or adding to these sections after you have evaluated your research\u2014they represent the core data of your study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\"><strong>Step 1: Prepare the figures and tables<\/strong><\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Most likely, your research paper will use some figures, tables, or other graphics\u2014they are also core data because they are usually numbers representing your findings and methods used. We won\u2019t go into the details of how to prepare these here, but in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/writing-the-results-section-for-a-research-paper\/\">Results&nbsp;section<\/a>, we will go over how to write captions for the figures based on the data and research questions. For a detailed explanation of preparing and formatting figures, check out these sites (every journal will have their own formatting guidelines):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/gp\/authors-editors\/authorandreviewertutorials\/writing-a-journal-manuscript\/figures-and-tables\/10285530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Springer Online Research Resources<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dl.sciencesocieties.org\/files\/publications\/style\/chapter-05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">ACSESS Digital Library (ASA, CSSA, and SSSA publications for reference)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\">Step 2: Write the Method<\/mark>s section<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This section responds to the question&nbsp;<strong>\u201cHow was the problem studied and analyzed?\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Methods section should:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Describe how an experiment was done<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Give a rationale for why specific experimental procedures were chosen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Describe what was done to answer the research question and how it was done.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Explain how the results were analyzed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Organization of Methods<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Write the <a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/how-to-write-the-methods-section-of-a-research-paper\/\">Methods section<\/a> in this order to ensure proper organization and make it easier for readers to understand how your study was carried out:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Description of materials used, including site and sample<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Explanation of how materials were prepared<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Explanation of how measurements were made and calculations performed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Explanation of statistical methods to analyze data<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Tips for the Methods Section<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Organize description of preparations, measurements, and protocol chronologically<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>List the Methods in the same order as they will appear in the Results section<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Material should be organized by topic from most to least important<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Headings can be used to separated different results; paragraphs are often used instead<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\"><strong>Step 3: Write the Results<\/strong><\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This section responds to the question&nbsp;<strong>\u201cWhat did you find?\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;Only the direct results of&nbsp;<em>your&nbsp;<\/em>research should be presented here, not any results from other studies. This is&nbsp;essentially an analysis of the data explained in sentence form so that it is easier to read and put into context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Results section should include:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Findings presented in the same order as in the Methods section<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Data presented in tables, charts, graphs, and other figures (placed among research text or on a separate page)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reports on data collection, recruitment, and\/or participants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Data that corresponds to the central research question(s)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Secondary findings (secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses, etc.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Organization of Results<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Write the Results in the same order as you wrote your Methods. One&nbsp;trusted method of writing the results&nbsp;is addressing specific research questions presented in the figures. Within each research question, present the type of data that addresses that research question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sample research question asked in a survey:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>\u201cWhat do hospital patients over age 55 think about postoperative care?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Present this answer as a statement based on the data:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>&#8220;Hospital patients over the age of 55 were 30% more likely to report negative experiences after postoperative care (M=83; see Fig. 1).&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Elaborate on this finding with secondary information included in the same paragraph:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>&#8220;The most common negative issues reported were inattention by nurses, lack of proper medicine and a prolonged waiting period for personal issues ((P&gt;12), (W&gt;13), and (D&gt;10); see Fig. 3).&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Caption your figures with the same method, using the data and research question to create phrases that give context to the data:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>\u201cFigure 1: Attitudes towards postoperative care in patients over the age of 55.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"681\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/20055237\/Results-figure-1.png\" alt=\"research paper structure, results section figure\" class=\"wp-image-1839\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/20055237\/Results-figure-1.png 681w, https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/20055237\/Results-figure-1-300x164.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 681px) 100vw, 681px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Your figure captions answer research questions by representing the data findings as phrases. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Grammar Guidelines for Results<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>When referencing figures, use the present tense; when discussing events of the experiment\/study, use past tense<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Passive or active voice are generally acceptable\u2014but consistency is most important. (Read articles from target journal).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cite the figure or table every time you reference it, just as you would another text.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Dos and Don\u2019ts for Results<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Limit your results to only those that address your research questions; return to the Results section later after you have completed the Introduction and&nbsp;remove less relevant information.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Indicate the statistical tests used with all relevant parameters. E.g., mean and standard deviation (SD): 44% (\u00b13); median and interpercentile range: 7 years (4.5 to 9.5 years).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use mean and standard deviation to report normally distributed data.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use median and interpercentile range to report skewed data.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For numbers, use two significant digits unless more precision is necessary (2.08, not 2.07856444).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Never use percentages for very small samples. E.g., &#8220;one out of two&#8221; should not be replaced by 50%.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\"><strong>Step 4: Write the Discussion\/Conclusion<\/strong><\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This section responds to the question&nbsp;<strong>\u201cWhat do the results mean?\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;This section is easy to write, but difficult to write well. It requires more than a simply analysis\u2014you have to interpret and \u201csell\u201d your data to the journal and researchers, explaining just how important your findings are. In fact, many manuscripts are rejected because the Discussion section is weak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Discussion and Conclusion are often considered to be part of the same section, but the Conclusion is sometimes considered a separate section. At any rate, the Conclusion will be a very short and clear justification of your work or suggestion for future studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>In the Discussion Section you should:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Critique your study\u2014be honest about the effectiveness of your design; suggest modifications and improvement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Answer this question: \u201cDid your study contribute to knowledge in the field or not?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Discuss the impact of this research on related research within the domain<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pre-writing Questions to Answer for the Discussion:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How do these results relate to the original question or objectives outlined in the Introduction section?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do the data support your hypothesis?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are your results consistent with what other investigators have reported?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Discuss weaknesses and discrepancies. If your results were unexpected, try to explain why<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Is there another way to interpret your results?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What further research would be necessary to answer the questions raised by your results?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Organization of&nbsp;the Discussion Section<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/research-writing-tips-editing-manuscript-discussion\/\">Discussion section<\/a> is more open than the Results and Methods section, but you should always focus first on what is MOST important and then move to what is less important to your research problem. Divide the analysis of results by paragraph and do not combine unrelated datasets in one paragraph<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The first paragraph\/part should summarize the process, the results, and the overall purpose of this study.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The second paragraph\/part should answer questions about the limitations and potential flaws or shortcomings of this study (e.g., the &#8220;failure to reveal clear relationships between samples or groups\u201d). Assesses which of the results are most useful in answering the research question.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The third paragraph should focus on the successes of the study and highlight which method or approach yielded the best results or those most closely hypothesized. You can also compare the results of different methods and assess which was more fruitful and why.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In subsequent paragraphs, discuss the implications of this research and compare it to the results of other studies. This is the other section (in addition to the Introduction) where you can cite related studies to show how your study compares.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-conclusion-for-a-research-paper\/\">Conclusion paragraph<\/a> offers you a chance to briefly show how your work advances the field from the present state of knowledge. It adds a sort of exclamation point at the end of your paper and makes it more memorable as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Add a justification for your work here as well as indicate extensions and wider implications, as well as suggest future studies\/experiments and point out any work that is currently ongoing. Do not simply repeat the Introduction or abstract here\u2014extend the claims or questions raised in these sections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Dos and Don\u2019ts for Discussion\/Conclusion<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Don\u2019t be TOO broad about the impact of this research\u2014set some limitations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Don\u2019t include new terms or ideas in this section\u2014they should be presented in the Introduction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use specific expressions: instead of \u201chigher temperature\u201d write \u201c41\u00baC\u201d; instead of \u201cat a lower rate\u201d write \u201c0.7% less\u201d; instead of \u201chighly significant\u201d write \u201cp&lt;0.001.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\"><strong>Step 5: Write the Introduction<\/strong><\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/how-to-draft-a-compelling-introduction-for-your-journal-article\/\">Introduction&nbsp;section<\/a> might be the most important section of the body of your paper\u2014it comes first and introduces what you will be doing, telling readers why your work is important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A good introduction should:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Establish the context of the work<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>State the purpose of the work in the form of a hypothesis, question, or problem investigated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Give aims and rationale for your approach<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pre-writing questions to answer for the Introduction<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is the problem to be solved? (background and problem)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do we know about this problem? (literature)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are there any existing solutions? (literature)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the limitations or gaps in knowledge of existing solutions?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do you hope to achieve with this study? (hypothesis\/statement of purpose)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Organization of the Introduction<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Background information<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Motivations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Key primary literature<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hypothesis\/research problem investigated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Approaches and rationale<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"434\" height=\"418\" src=\"https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/20055322\/Common-Writing-Errors-1.png\" alt=\"research paper structure, results section figure\" class=\"wp-image-1841\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/20055322\/Common-Writing-Errors-1.png 434w, https:\/\/ee-blog-cdn.wordvice.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/20055322\/Common-Writing-Errors-1-300x289.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Eliminating grammar and style errors can greatly improve the flow of information in your paper and increase its chances of publication in journals. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Improving Quality of Writing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to write an effective research paper, authors need to know what areas of their writing to improve, and this includes avoiding grammar and style errors. Among the top writing errors we see at&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wordvice<\/a>&nbsp;are the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/common-grammar-mistakes-writing\/\">Article and Determiner Misuses<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/improve-writing-edit-nominalizations\/\">Nominalization and Wordiness<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/which-verb-tense-to-use-in-a-research-paper\/\">Usage of Past and Present Tense<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Receiving Language Editing Before Submission<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After you are finished writing your Results section and have polished the rest of your research paper, be sure to use Wordvice <a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.ai\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AI Writing Assistant<\/a>&#8216;s <a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.ai\/tools\/grammar-checker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">grammar checker<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.ai\/tools\/paraphrasing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">paraphrasing tool<\/a> for a quick check and rephrasing. Then, submit your manuscript to an <a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/\">English proofreading service<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/services\/paper-editing\">paper editing service\u00a0<\/a>before delivering it to journal editors for publication. And learn more about the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/topic\/language-rules\/proofreading-and-editing-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">editing process<\/a>\u00a0to determine which kind of revision your paper needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Wordvice Resources<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FTC-5P1VFFU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How to Write a Research Paper Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/writing-the-results-section-for-a-research-paper\/\">Writing the Results Section of a Research Paper<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gcuL_IaRtXc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Which Verb Tenses to Use in a Research Paper<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JMEnRBss6V4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How to Write an Abstract for a Research Paper<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Fl1q-I3bE0c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How to Write a Research Paper Title<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/useful-phrases-for-writing-academic-papers\/\">Useful Phrases for Academic Writing<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/common-transition-terms-used-in-academic-papers\/\">Common Transition Terms in Academic Papers<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/video-should-i-use-active-or-passive-voice-in-a-research-paper\/\">Active and Passive Voice in Research Papers<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/recommended-verbs-for-research-writing\/\">100+ Verbs That Will Make Your Research Writing Amazing<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/blog\/a-guide-to-paraphrasing-in-research-papers-apa-ama\/\">Tips for Paraphrasing in Research Papers<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Related Resources<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/gp\/authors-editors\/authorandreviewertutorials\/writing-a-journal-manuscript\/figures-and-tables\/10285530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Springer Online Research Resources<\/a>&nbsp;(Springer)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dl.sciencesocieties.org\/files\/publications\/style\/chapter-05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ACSESS Digital <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dl.sciencesocieties.org\/files\/publications\/style\/chapter-05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">L<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dl.sciencesocieties.org\/files\/publications\/style\/chapter-05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ibrary (ASA, CSSA, and SSSA publications for reference)<\/a>&nbsp;(ACSESS Digital Library)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Lecture Research Paper Reference<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Yoon S-R, Kim SH, Lee H-W, Ha J-H (2017) A novel method to rapidly distinguish the geographical origin of traditional fermented-salted vegetables by mass fingerprinting. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0188217.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Essential Guidelines for Structuring a Research Paper Lecturer: Kevin J. Heintz, M.A. English This lecture was presented at ChungAng University in Seoul, South Korea in November 2018. Wordvice\/Essay Review Managing Editor Kevin J. Heintz explains how to organize and compose a research manuscript that will get your study published in top journals. Even researchers whose [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1193,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,20],"tags":[17,38,52,39],"class_list":["post-1172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academic","category-structure-and-organization","tag-academic-writing-tips","tag-journal-publication","tag-research-paper","tag-research-writing"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Writing an Effective Research Paper: Structure &amp; Content - Wordvice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Your research paper structure impacts your chances of getting published in journals. 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