Silke Haidekker has a PhD in Pharmacology from the University of Hannover. She is a Clinical Research Associate in multiple pharmaceutical companies in Germany and the USA. She now works as a full-time medical translator and writer in a small town in Georgia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
You would probably agree that the time spent writing your PhD dissertation or thesis is not only a time of taking pride or even joy in what you do, but also a time riddled with panic attacks of different varieties and lengths. When I worked on my PhD thesis in pharmacology in Germany many years back, I had my <\/em>first panic attack as I first learned how to kill rats for my experiments with a very ugly tool called a guillotine! After that part of the procedure, I was to remove and mash their livers, spike them with Ciclosporin A (an immunosuppressive agent), and then present the metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Many rats later, I had another serious panic attack. It occurred at the moment my doctoral adviser told me to write my first research paper on the Ciclosporin A metabolites I had detected in hundreds of slimy mashes of rat liver. Sadly, this second panic attack led to a third one that was caused by living in the pre-internet era, when it was not as easy to access information about how to write research papers<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n How I got over writing my first research paper is now ancient history. But it was only years later, living in the USA and finally being immersed in the language of most scientific research papers, that my interest in the art of writing \u201cgood\u201d research papers was sparked during conferences held by the American Medical Writers Association<\/a><\/em>, as well as by getting involved in different writing programs and academic self-study courses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Good writing begins with clearly stating your research question (or hypothesis)<\/a> in the Introduction section<\/a>\u2014the focal point on which your entire paper builds and unfolds in the subsequent Methods, Results, and Discussion sections<\/a>. This research question or hypothesis that goes into the first section of your research manuscript, the Introduction, explains at least three major elements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Some medical writers refer to this organizational structure of the Introduction as a \u201cfunnel shape\u201d because it starts broadly, with the bigger picture, and then follows one scientifically logical step after the other until finally narrowing down the story to the focal point of your research at the end of the funnel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Let\u2019s now look in greater detail at a research question example and how you can logically embed it into the Introduction to make it a powerful focal point and ignite the reader\u2019s interest about the importance of your research:<\/p>\n\n\n\n You should start by giving your reader a brief overview of knowledge or previous studies already performed in the context of your research topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The topic of one of my research papers was \u201cinvestigating the value of diabetes as an independent predictor of death in people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).\u201d So in the Introduction, I first presented the basic knowledge that diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and thus made the reader better understand our interest in this specific study population. I then presented previous studies already showing that diabetes indeed seems to represent an independent risk factor for death in the general population. However, very few studies had been performed in the ESRD population and those only yielded controversial results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Example<\/strong>: “It seems well established that there is a link between diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive nephropathy and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Western countries. In 2014, 73% of patients in US hospitals had comorbid ESRD and type 2 diabetes (1, 2, 3)…”<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n In our example, this \u201ccontroversy\u201d flags the \u201cunknown” or \u201cproblematic\u201d and therefore provides strong reasons for why further research is justified. The unknown should be clearly stated or implied by using phrases such as \u201cwere controversial\u201d (as in our example), \u201c…has not been determined,\u201d or \u201c\u2026is unclear.\u201d By clearly stating what is \u201cunknown,\u201d you indicate that your research is new. This creates a smooth transition into your research question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Example<\/strong>: “However, previous studies have failed to isolate diabetes as an independent factor, and thus much remains unknown about specific risk factors associated with both diabetes and ESRD<\/em>.”<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Your research question is the question that inevitably evolves from the deficits or problems revealed in the \u201cUnknown\u201d and clearly states the goal of your research. It is important to describe your research question in just one or two short sentences, but very precisely and including all variables studied, if applicable. A transition should be used to mark the transition from the unknown to the research question using one word such as \u201ctherefore\u201d or \u201caccordingly,\u201d or short phrases like \u201cfor this reason\u201d or \u201cconsidering this lack of crucial information.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n In our example, we stated the research question as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Example<\/strong>: \u201cTherefore, the primary goal of our study was to perform a Kaplan-Meier survival study and to investigate, by means of the Cox proportional hazard model, the value of diabetes as an independent predictor of death in diabetic patients with ESRD.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Note that the research question may include the experimental approach<\/strong> of the study used to answer the research question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Another powerful way to introduce the research question is to state the research question as a hypothesis<\/strong> so that the reader can more easily anticipate the answer. In our case, the question could be put as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Example<\/strong>: \u201cTo test the hypothesis that diabetes is an independent predictor of death in people with ESRD, we performed a Kaplan-Survival study and investigated the value of diabetes by means of the Cox proportional hazard model.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Note that this sentence leads with an introductory clause that indicates the hypothesis itself, transitioning well into a synopsis of the approach in the second half of the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The generic framework of the Introduction can be modified to include, for example, two<\/em> research questions instead of just one. In such a case, both questions must follow inevitably from the previous statements, meaning that the background information leading to the second question cannot be omitted. Otherwise, the Introduction will get confusing, with the reader not knowing where that question comes from.<\/p>\n\n\n\n To conclude, here is my simple but most important advice for you as a researcher preparing to write a scientific paper (or just the Introduction of a research paper) for the first time: Think your research question through precisely before trying to write it down; have in mind the reasons for exactly why you wanted to do this specific research, what exactly you wanted to find out, and how (by which methods) you did your investigation. If you have the answers to these questions in mind (or even better, create a comprehensive outline<\/a>) before starting the paper, the actual writing process will be a piece of cake and you will finish it \u201clike a rat up a drainpipe\u201d! And hopefully with no panic attacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Before submitting your master’s thesis or PhD dissertation to academic journals for publication, be sure to receive proofreading services<\/a> (including research paper editing<\/a>, manuscript editing<\/a>, thesis editing<\/a>, and dissertation editing<\/a>) to ensure that your research writing is error-free. Impress your journal editor and get into the academic journal of your choice. <\/p>\n\n\n\nHow to State the Research Question in the Introduction Section<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
a) What is known<\/strong> or believed about the research topic?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
b) What is still unknown<\/strong> (or problematic)?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
c) What is the question or hypothesis<\/strong> of your investigation?<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
a) The Known<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\n
b) The Unknown<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\n
c) The Research Question (Hypothesis)<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
Begin with your research purpose in mind<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Wordvice Resources<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\nOf Rats and Panic Attacks: A Doctoral Student’s Tale<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nYou would probably agree that the time spent writing your PhD dissertation or thesis is not only a time of taking pride or even joy in what you do, but also a time riddled with panic attacks of different varieties and lengths. When I worked on my PhD thesis in pharmacology in Germany many years back, I had my <\/em>first panic attack as I first learned how to kill rats for my experiments with a very ugly tool called a guillotine! After that part of the procedure, I was to remove and mash their livers, spike them with Ciclosporin A (an immunosuppressive agent), and then present the metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography.<\/p>\n\n\n\nMany rats later, I had another serious panic attack. It occurred at the moment my doctoral adviser told me to write my first research paper on the Ciclosporin A metabolites I had detected in hundreds of slimy mashes of rat liver. Sadly, this second panic attack led to a third one that was caused by living in the pre-internet era, when it was not as easy to access information about how to write research papers<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nHow I got over writing my first research paper is now ancient history. But it was only years later, living in the USA and finally being immersed in the language of most scientific research papers, that my interest in the art of writing \u201cgood\u201d research papers was sparked during conferences held by the American Medical Writers Association<\/a><\/em>, as well as by getting involved in different writing programs and academic self-study courses.<\/p>\n\n\n\nHow to State the Research Question in the Introduction Section<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nGood writing begins with clearly stating your research question (or hypothesis)<\/a> in the Introduction section<\/a>\u2014the focal point on which your entire paper builds and unfolds in the subsequent Methods, Results, and Discussion sections<\/a>. This research question or hypothesis that goes into the first section of your research manuscript, the Introduction, explains at least three major elements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\na) What is known<\/strong> or believed about the research topic?<\/h3>\n\n\n\nb) What is still unknown<\/strong> (or problematic)?<\/h3>\n\n\n\nc) What is the question or hypothesis<\/strong> of your investigation?<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\nSome medical writers refer to this organizational structure of the Introduction as a \u201cfunnel shape\u201d because it starts broadly, with the bigger picture, and then follows one scientifically logical step after the other until finally narrowing down the story to the focal point of your research at the end of the funnel.<\/p>\n\n\n\nLet\u2019s now look in greater detail at a research question example and how you can logically embed it into the Introduction to make it a powerful focal point and ignite the reader\u2019s interest about the importance of your research:<\/p>\n\n\n\na) The Known<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\nYou should start by giving your reader a brief overview of knowledge or previous studies already performed in the context of your research topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe topic of one of my research papers was \u201cinvestigating the value of diabetes as an independent predictor of death in people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).\u201d So in the Introduction, I first presented the basic knowledge that diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and thus made the reader better understand our interest in this specific study population. I then presented previous studies already showing that diabetes indeed seems to represent an independent risk factor for death in the general population. However, very few studies had been performed in the ESRD population and those only yielded controversial results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nExample<\/strong>: “It seems well established that there is a link between diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive nephropathy and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Western countries. In 2014, 73% of patients in US hospitals had comorbid ESRD and type 2 diabetes (1, 2, 3)…”<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\nb) The Unknown<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\nIn our example, this \u201ccontroversy\u201d flags the \u201cunknown” or \u201cproblematic\u201d and therefore provides strong reasons for why further research is justified. The unknown should be clearly stated or implied by using phrases such as \u201cwere controversial\u201d (as in our example), \u201c…has not been determined,\u201d or \u201c\u2026is unclear.\u201d By clearly stating what is \u201cunknown,\u201d you indicate that your research is new. This creates a smooth transition into your research question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nExample<\/strong>: “However, previous studies have failed to isolate diabetes as an independent factor, and thus much remains unknown about specific risk factors associated with both diabetes and ESRD<\/em>.”<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\nc) The Research Question (Hypothesis)<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\nYour research question is the question that inevitably evolves from the deficits or problems revealed in the \u201cUnknown\u201d and clearly states the goal of your research. It is important to describe your research question in just one or two short sentences, but very precisely and including all variables studied, if applicable. A transition should be used to mark the transition from the unknown to the research question using one word such as \u201ctherefore\u201d or \u201caccordingly,\u201d or short phrases like \u201cfor this reason\u201d or \u201cconsidering this lack of crucial information.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\nIn our example, we stated the research question as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nExample<\/strong>: \u201cTherefore, the primary goal of our study was to perform a Kaplan-Meier survival study and to investigate, by means of the Cox proportional hazard model, the value of diabetes as an independent predictor of death in diabetic patients with ESRD.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\nNote that the research question may include the experimental approach<\/strong> of the study used to answer the research question.<\/p>\n\n\n\nAnother powerful way to introduce the research question is to state the research question as a hypothesis<\/strong> so that the reader can more easily anticipate the answer. In our case, the question could be put as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nExample<\/strong>: \u201cTo test the hypothesis that diabetes is an independent predictor of death in people with ESRD, we performed a Kaplan-Survival study and investigated the value of diabetes by means of the Cox proportional hazard model.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\nNote that this sentence leads with an introductory clause that indicates the hypothesis itself, transitioning well into a synopsis of the approach in the second half of the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe generic framework of the Introduction can be modified to include, for example, two<\/em> research questions instead of just one. In such a case, both questions must follow inevitably from the previous statements, meaning that the background information leading to the second question cannot be omitted. Otherwise, the Introduction will get confusing, with the reader not knowing where that question comes from.<\/p>\n\n\n\nBegin with your research purpose in mind<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nTo conclude, here is my simple but most important advice for you as a researcher preparing to write a scientific paper (or just the Introduction of a research paper) for the first time: Think your research question through precisely before trying to write it down; have in mind the reasons for exactly why you wanted to do this specific research, what exactly you wanted to find out, and how (by which methods) you did your investigation. If you have the answers to these questions in mind (or even better, create a comprehensive outline<\/a>) before starting the paper, the actual writing process will be a piece of cake and you will finish it \u201clike a rat up a drainpipe\u201d! And hopefully with no panic attacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\nWordvice Resources<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBefore submitting your master’s thesis or PhD dissertation to academic journals for publication, be sure to receive proofreading services<\/a> (including research paper editing<\/a>, manuscript editing<\/a>, thesis editing<\/a>, and dissertation editing<\/a>) to ensure that your research writing is error-free. Impress your journal editor and get into the academic journal of your choice. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Silke Haidekker has a PhD in Pharmacology from the University of Hannover. She is a Clinical Research Associate in multiple pharmaceutical companies in Germany and the USA. She now works as a full-time medical translator and writer in a small town in Georgia. Of Rats and Panic Attacks: A Doctoral Student’s Tale You would probably […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1149,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,20],"tags":[17,18,52,39],"class_list":["post-1148","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academic","category-structure-and-organization","tag-academic-writing-tips","tag-manuscript-writing","tag-research-paper","tag-research-writing"],"yoast_head":"\nWhere to Put the Research Question in a Paper - Wordvice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how to state the research question in the Introduction section of a research paper. 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